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| HPCR Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
HPCR Manual on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare
After consulting with scholars and governmental experts, the Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard University (HPCR) created in 2003 a multi-annual Project intended to restate the existing international laws applicable to air and missile warfare. This Project helped to formulate the ''HPCR Manual'' on International Law Applicable to Air and Missile Warfare. In 1923, the Rules of Air Warfare were drafted at the Hague by a Commission of Jurists. Since then, air power has become a crucial element of military arsenal and modern warfare. The developments in air and missile technology in the last few decades have completely altered military strategy and created distinct challenges to the protection of civilians in time of armed conflict. Although a number of international treaties have been adopted in response to modern warfare, including the four 1949 Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims, the two Additional Protocols of 1977, and various conventions regarding cultural property, biological weapons, and chemical weapons, many important aspects of air and missile operations are not included. Also, some of these instruments, especially AP/I, are not binding on all states, including the United States. Because of this, the Commentary on the HPCR Manual identifies US practices and positions which are consistent with the rules of AP/I.〔(HPCR, ''About the Project'', 2009 )〕
==About the Manual==
The goal of the ''HPCR Manual'' is to give a methodical restatement of international law and air and missile warfare, based on the practice of States accepted as law and treaties in force. Because the authors of the HPCR Manual have no legislative power, there is no innovative aspect. By providing a reference on international law applicable to air and missile warfare, the HPCR Manual will help to stimulate discussions among legal advisors, military advisors, and humanitarian practitioners, which in turn will help improve the protection of civilians in armed conflict.〔
The HPCR Manual hopes to serve as a valuable resource for military forces while developing rules of engagement, writing military manuals, preparing training courses, and the actual conduct of armed forces in combat operations, while also providing the armed services' lawyers a cohesive text to assist them in their tasks. The HPCR Manual is a practical tool that will make decision-making easier in a real-time operational environment, while also giving confidence to those who utilize it. The objective of the HPCR Manual is to be of help to those who plan, approve or execute air or missile operations before rather than after the event. The HPCR Manual is also meant to be used by other segments of armed forces, such as commanders of forces that are receiving these attacks. Needless to say, it is hoped that the HPCR Manual will be used extensively in training and instruction courses in both wartime and peacetime, so as to familiarize prospective users with the patterns of behavior expected of them.〔(HPCR, ''About the Manual'', 2009 )〕
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